Abortion remains a controversial issue not only on medical grounds, but legal and religious standpoint. The following article is meant to explore the issue of abortion is seen from these views and the third latest developments to achieve a safe abortion in Indonesia to make. A. Health point
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy (by certain consequences) before the fruit of pregnancy is able to live outside the womb. Abortion is divided into two parts, a spontaneous abortion and artificial abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the abortion that occurs naturally without any effort from outside the (artificial) to terminate the pregnancy. In some literature, the terminology usually used for this was a miscarriage (miscarriage). Although the artificial abortion abortion caused by specific efforts to end a pregnancy. The term is often used for this event is abortion, abortion, or abortion provokatus. This article is the term used in this context was abortion. Abortion is usually performed on medical indication regarding the security threats of the soul or the existence of serious health problems in women, such as severe pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypertension, chronic liver disease (JNPK-KR, 1999). Abortion is a public health problem due to an effect on maternal morbidity and mortality. As we know that the main causes of maternal mortality of pregnant women and childbirth bleeding, infection and eclampsia. But abortion actually is also a cause of maternal death, appears only in the form of bleeding complications and sepsis (Gunawan, 2000). However, maternal mortality from abortion complications are often not included in the report of the death, but if bleeding or sepsis. That's because until recently, abortion remains a controversial issue in society. On the one hand, abortion is illegal and prohibited by religion, so people tend to hide the incidence of abortion, on the other hand, abortions take place in the community. This is evident from the story written in the newspapers about the prevention of abortion in society, in addition to easily obtained herbal laxative medicines and healers and massage for those who are late coming months (Wijono, 2000). There are no definitive data on the effects of abortion on maternal health, the WHO estimates that 10-50% of maternal mortality caused by abortion depending on the circumstances of each country. It is estimated that worldwide 20 million annually exported unsafe abortions, 70,000 women die from unsafe abortions and 1 in 8 maternal deaths from unsafe abortion. In Southeast Asia, which estimates that 4.2 million abortions a year, of whom 750.000 tot 1,5 miljoen occurred in Indonesia. Risk of death from unsafe abortion in the Asian region is estimated at between 1 in 250, only 1 developed countries 3700. This figure indicates that the problem of abortion in Indonesia is still relatively large (Wijono, 2000). In fact, the International Conference on Population and Development (International Conference on Population and Development ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 and the Women's Conference in Beijing in 1995 agreed that access to safe abortion are part of the right of a woman to life, the right of women to receive the highest standard of health and service charges for the use of advanced medical technology and information. Thus, the necessary legal protection in performing safe abortion to ensure women's rights in determining the function of reproduction and reproductive features his own. Research shows that dilegalkannya safe abortion in a country that in fact play a role in reducing the incidence of abortion itself can be one of them, because the effectiveness of post-abortion counseling, the use of contraceptives for those who still sexually active, but do not want to have children for a specified period required. It is also supported by the effectiveness of birth control itself, which reaches nearly 100 percent, thus reducing the number of unintended pregnancies ended in abortion activities. Adriaansz hero and as quoted from Wijono (2000) has shown that the results of the meta-analysis of high-risk groups on the unplanned pregnancies and unsafe abortions based on percentages, namely: 1) group of unmet need and contraceptive failure (48%); 2) youth group (27%); 3) group of practitioners of commercial sex; 4) groups of victims of rape, incest and sexual slavery (9%). Therefore it can be concluded that in fact the group KB unmet need has failed and represents the largest group suffering from an unplanned pregnancy, so contraceptive counseling is an absolute requirement in order to reduce the incidence of abortion reduction, especially repeated abortion in addition to other factors. Contraceptives guidance aims to help clients select an appropriate contraception for them, in relation to reproductive function and an increased risk of health care quality (JNPK-KR, 1999). In essence, this guidance will provide information to customers regarding: 1) Likelihood of pregnancy before the next menstrual period, 2) The existence of various contraceptive methods are safe and effective to prevent pregnancy, to defer 3) Where and how they have the services and contraceptives. Counselling is an important process in contraceptive services because: - Choice of contraceptive methods is determined by a series of awareness and attention to various aspects of reproductive - Determination of the options should consider the health aspects and customer requirements - Choice of contraceptive methods based on the safety and efficacy - Reception with more and better understanding of these tools work - Ensure the sustainability of client satisfaction, contraceptive use Contraceptives counseling after an abortion is a prerequisite for later avoid unwanted pregnancies and ultimately to prevent abortion. The purpose of contraceptive counseling after an abortion: • Helping patients to factors associated with the occurrence of unwanted pregnancy (if indeed it is) to understand, so the occurrence of similar cases in future. • Helping patients and their families to decide what they contraceptives • help in choosing one of the methods in accordance with the wishes of patients, when they need • Helping patients to use effective contraception B. Legal terms
According Sumapraja Symposium Issues in Abortion in Indonesia, in Jakarta was held on April 1, 2000 declared an apparent contradiction of the contents of Law No. 23/1992 Article 15, paragraph 1 as follows. "In an emergency situation as an attempt to the lives of pregnant women and fetuses * save can be done or certain medical procedures **." This can be explained by the content of the Act: *) Phrases in the life of pregnant women or to save the fetus is legally flawed because the meaning seems clear statement that abortion is defined as an attempt to save lives and the mother or her fetus. In fact, abortion is never interpreted as an attempt to the fetus, even save vice versa. **) An explanation of Article 15: "The action in the form of medical abortion for any reason is prohibited as contrary to legal norms, and religion, obscenity and decency standards. But in an emergency as an attempt to Life to save the mother or the fetus may have medical measures. Thus it is concluded that the legal basis of the lack of abortion and not clear that health workers who provide abortion vulnerable in the eyes of the law. C. Religious perspective
There are different opinions of Muslim scholars on this subject, abortion. Some claim that the abortion is performed before the 120 days is haraam, and some argue can. Limitation of 120 days is used as a benchmark may be considering an abortion at least 120 days before the fetus is not blown his soul is not dead yet. Of scholars who reasonably believes that, after diagnosis by a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology is made if the pregnancy was the safety of the mother in danger, then abortion is allowed. May even be required if no other choice than abortion. So, if from the perspective of religion abortion is permitted only with strong reasons such as medical indications, it fitted the foundation of the abortion law is strengthened, so that no doubts and fears about the health of the employees are empowered to do. D. Efforts are currently
Several attempts have been made to attempt a few years ago. An effort was made by the Women's Health Forum (SPF), which consists of activist non-governmental organizations (NGOs), legal practitioners, researchers, senior management / member professional organization is an intense meeting that seeks to change the end Gy of Law No. 1992 Article 15 23 years. Meanwhile, to the ultimate goal, the effort is currently focused on preparing the Decree of the Minister of Health (SK Menkes) about the limitations of safe abortion by entering the criteria, including: 1) younger than 12 weeks of contents 2) to a designated hospital 3) by a doctor who certified 4) pre-and post-abortion counseling 5) the cost of affordable Given goal, among others, to raise and collect views from various parties the public on the issue of abortion, SK Menkes determining the contents of safe abortion and developing services to them once and makes the process of publishing the decree. In an effort to collect public opinions and contains SPF of the different parties on abortion is done by means of a poll conducted two times by different agencies in the month of December 2000. Poll conducted by Indonesian Consumer Foundation in collaboration with partners of women, the Ford Foundation, symptoms, and University of Atmajaya Indonesian Family Planning Association on 600 respondents who received a call from a phone book at random based on five areas in Jakarta, 83 has 5 percent of female respondents and men agreed that if the medical and psychological decision on abortion is determined by the doctor, through a process of counseling with patients. Amounted to 85.11 percent of people who support women who marry. Another poll Population Council, Mitra Inti Foundation and Health Research Center at the University of Indonesia of 159 respondents found 78 percent of respondents believe the need to reduce the risk of causing death due to unsafe abortion and 85 percent agreed with The decision to reduce abortion is determined by the helping process. Then with 55 percent of the need to be provided where abortion is legal, safe, quality service standards stated. Bibliography: Gunawan, N. Increased efforts to empower women such as abortion Prevent. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. National Network Training Reproductive Health Clinic (JNPK-KR). Training Package Post-Abortion Care Clinic. New York: AVSC International, 1999 Katjasungkana, N. Abortion: Legal and rights of women. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Sudraji Sumapraja. Abortion: Issues and Root IndikasiSimposium Abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Wijono Wibisono. Health effects of unsafe abortion. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Dixon, P. Source: January 2001 http://www.postfun.com/pfp/blasphemy.html/18 Berkow R., and J.H. Talbott (eds.). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 13th edition. Rahway, N.J. Merck and Co.., Inc., 1977. Hull, T.H., S.W. Sarwono and N. Widyantoro. Abortion in Indonesia. Studies in Family Planning, 1993, 24 (4): 241-251 Compass. "Abortion and reproductive rights of women." The December 17, 2000. Coeytaux, Francine M., A.H. Leonard and C.N. Bloomer. "Abortion." In the Women's Health: a global perspective (original edition: Women's Health: A Global Perpective). Edited by Marge Koblinsky, J. Thimyan, J. Gay. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1997 Faisall, Muh. And S. Ahmad. Customers and Shaman Abortion: Abortion In Aid Case Study in traditional Kendari District, Central Sulawesi. "Yogyakarta: Ford Foundation and the Center for Population Perngembangan Gajah Mada University, 1995.
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy (by certain consequences) before the fruit of pregnancy is able to live outside the womb. Abortion is divided into two parts, a spontaneous abortion and artificial abortion. Spontaneous abortion is the abortion that occurs naturally without any effort from outside the (artificial) to terminate the pregnancy. In some literature, the terminology usually used for this was a miscarriage (miscarriage). Although the artificial abortion abortion caused by specific efforts to end a pregnancy. The term is often used for this event is abortion, abortion, or abortion provokatus. This article is the term used in this context was abortion. Abortion is usually performed on medical indication regarding the security threats of the soul or the existence of serious health problems in women, such as severe pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypertension, chronic liver disease (JNPK-KR, 1999). Abortion is a public health problem due to an effect on maternal morbidity and mortality. As we know that the main causes of maternal mortality of pregnant women and childbirth bleeding, infection and eclampsia. But abortion actually is also a cause of maternal death, appears only in the form of bleeding complications and sepsis (Gunawan, 2000). However, maternal mortality from abortion complications are often not included in the report of the death, but if bleeding or sepsis. That's because until recently, abortion remains a controversial issue in society. On the one hand, abortion is illegal and prohibited by religion, so people tend to hide the incidence of abortion, on the other hand, abortions take place in the community. This is evident from the story written in the newspapers about the prevention of abortion in society, in addition to easily obtained herbal laxative medicines and healers and massage for those who are late coming months (Wijono, 2000). There are no definitive data on the effects of abortion on maternal health, the WHO estimates that 10-50% of maternal mortality caused by abortion depending on the circumstances of each country. It is estimated that worldwide 20 million annually exported unsafe abortions, 70,000 women die from unsafe abortions and 1 in 8 maternal deaths from unsafe abortion. In Southeast Asia, which estimates that 4.2 million abortions a year, of whom 750.000 tot 1,5 miljoen occurred in Indonesia. Risk of death from unsafe abortion in the Asian region is estimated at between 1 in 250, only 1 developed countries 3700. This figure indicates that the problem of abortion in Indonesia is still relatively large (Wijono, 2000). In fact, the International Conference on Population and Development (International Conference on Population and Development ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 and the Women's Conference in Beijing in 1995 agreed that access to safe abortion are part of the right of a woman to life, the right of women to receive the highest standard of health and service charges for the use of advanced medical technology and information. Thus, the necessary legal protection in performing safe abortion to ensure women's rights in determining the function of reproduction and reproductive features his own. Research shows that dilegalkannya safe abortion in a country that in fact play a role in reducing the incidence of abortion itself can be one of them, because the effectiveness of post-abortion counseling, the use of contraceptives for those who still sexually active, but do not want to have children for a specified period required. It is also supported by the effectiveness of birth control itself, which reaches nearly 100 percent, thus reducing the number of unintended pregnancies ended in abortion activities. Adriaansz hero and as quoted from Wijono (2000) has shown that the results of the meta-analysis of high-risk groups on the unplanned pregnancies and unsafe abortions based on percentages, namely: 1) group of unmet need and contraceptive failure (48%); 2) youth group (27%); 3) group of practitioners of commercial sex; 4) groups of victims of rape, incest and sexual slavery (9%). Therefore it can be concluded that in fact the group KB unmet need has failed and represents the largest group suffering from an unplanned pregnancy, so contraceptive counseling is an absolute requirement in order to reduce the incidence of abortion reduction, especially repeated abortion in addition to other factors. Contraceptives guidance aims to help clients select an appropriate contraception for them, in relation to reproductive function and an increased risk of health care quality (JNPK-KR, 1999). In essence, this guidance will provide information to customers regarding: 1) Likelihood of pregnancy before the next menstrual period, 2) The existence of various contraceptive methods are safe and effective to prevent pregnancy, to defer 3) Where and how they have the services and contraceptives. Counselling is an important process in contraceptive services because: - Choice of contraceptive methods is determined by a series of awareness and attention to various aspects of reproductive - Determination of the options should consider the health aspects and customer requirements - Choice of contraceptive methods based on the safety and efficacy - Reception with more and better understanding of these tools work - Ensure the sustainability of client satisfaction, contraceptive use Contraceptives counseling after an abortion is a prerequisite for later avoid unwanted pregnancies and ultimately to prevent abortion. The purpose of contraceptive counseling after an abortion: • Helping patients to factors associated with the occurrence of unwanted pregnancy (if indeed it is) to understand, so the occurrence of similar cases in future. • Helping patients and their families to decide what they contraceptives • help in choosing one of the methods in accordance with the wishes of patients, when they need • Helping patients to use effective contraception B. Legal terms
According Sumapraja Symposium Issues in Abortion in Indonesia, in Jakarta was held on April 1, 2000 declared an apparent contradiction of the contents of Law No. 23/1992 Article 15, paragraph 1 as follows. "In an emergency situation as an attempt to the lives of pregnant women and fetuses * save can be done or certain medical procedures **." This can be explained by the content of the Act: *) Phrases in the life of pregnant women or to save the fetus is legally flawed because the meaning seems clear statement that abortion is defined as an attempt to save lives and the mother or her fetus. In fact, abortion is never interpreted as an attempt to the fetus, even save vice versa. **) An explanation of Article 15: "The action in the form of medical abortion for any reason is prohibited as contrary to legal norms, and religion, obscenity and decency standards. But in an emergency as an attempt to Life to save the mother or the fetus may have medical measures. Thus it is concluded that the legal basis of the lack of abortion and not clear that health workers who provide abortion vulnerable in the eyes of the law. C. Religious perspective
There are different opinions of Muslim scholars on this subject, abortion. Some claim that the abortion is performed before the 120 days is haraam, and some argue can. Limitation of 120 days is used as a benchmark may be considering an abortion at least 120 days before the fetus is not blown his soul is not dead yet. Of scholars who reasonably believes that, after diagnosis by a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology is made if the pregnancy was the safety of the mother in danger, then abortion is allowed. May even be required if no other choice than abortion. So, if from the perspective of religion abortion is permitted only with strong reasons such as medical indications, it fitted the foundation of the abortion law is strengthened, so that no doubts and fears about the health of the employees are empowered to do. D. Efforts are currently
Several attempts have been made to attempt a few years ago. An effort was made by the Women's Health Forum (SPF), which consists of activist non-governmental organizations (NGOs), legal practitioners, researchers, senior management / member professional organization is an intense meeting that seeks to change the end Gy of Law No. 1992 Article 15 23 years. Meanwhile, to the ultimate goal, the effort is currently focused on preparing the Decree of the Minister of Health (SK Menkes) about the limitations of safe abortion by entering the criteria, including: 1) younger than 12 weeks of contents 2) to a designated hospital 3) by a doctor who certified 4) pre-and post-abortion counseling 5) the cost of affordable Given goal, among others, to raise and collect views from various parties the public on the issue of abortion, SK Menkes determining the contents of safe abortion and developing services to them once and makes the process of publishing the decree. In an effort to collect public opinions and contains SPF of the different parties on abortion is done by means of a poll conducted two times by different agencies in the month of December 2000. Poll conducted by Indonesian Consumer Foundation in collaboration with partners of women, the Ford Foundation, symptoms, and University of Atmajaya Indonesian Family Planning Association on 600 respondents who received a call from a phone book at random based on five areas in Jakarta, 83 has 5 percent of female respondents and men agreed that if the medical and psychological decision on abortion is determined by the doctor, through a process of counseling with patients. Amounted to 85.11 percent of people who support women who marry. Another poll Population Council, Mitra Inti Foundation and Health Research Center at the University of Indonesia of 159 respondents found 78 percent of respondents believe the need to reduce the risk of causing death due to unsafe abortion and 85 percent agreed with The decision to reduce abortion is determined by the helping process. Then with 55 percent of the need to be provided where abortion is legal, safe, quality service standards stated. Bibliography: Gunawan, N. Increased efforts to empower women such as abortion Prevent. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. National Network Training Reproductive Health Clinic (JNPK-KR). Training Package Post-Abortion Care Clinic. New York: AVSC International, 1999 Katjasungkana, N. Abortion: Legal and rights of women. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Sudraji Sumapraja. Abortion: Issues and Root IndikasiSimposium Abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Wijono Wibisono. Health effects of unsafe abortion. Symposium on abortion in Indonesia, Jakarta, April 1, 2000. Dixon, P. Source: January 2001 http://www.postfun.com/pfp/blasphemy.html/18 Berkow R., and J.H. Talbott (eds.). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 13th edition. Rahway, N.J. Merck and Co.., Inc., 1977. Hull, T.H., S.W. Sarwono and N. Widyantoro. Abortion in Indonesia. Studies in Family Planning, 1993, 24 (4): 241-251 Compass. "Abortion and reproductive rights of women." The December 17, 2000. Coeytaux, Francine M., A.H. Leonard and C.N. Bloomer. "Abortion." In the Women's Health: a global perspective (original edition: Women's Health: A Global Perpective). Edited by Marge Koblinsky, J. Thimyan, J. Gay. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press, 1997 Faisall, Muh. And S. Ahmad. Customers and Shaman Abortion: Abortion In Aid Case Study in traditional Kendari District, Central Sulawesi. "Yogyakarta: Ford Foundation and the Center for Population Perngembangan Gajah Mada University, 1995.
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